SMi Source Lesson Diabetes: Type 2 - Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia

  • SMi Source lesson Diabetes: Type 2 - Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia has the following microlearning topics

  • 1. Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia

  • Lesson Diabetes: Type 2 - Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia teaches these concepts

  • Diabetes, Diabetes, Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia, Pancreatic Hormones

    Diabetes, Diabetes, Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia, Pancreatic Hormones, Insulin

    Diabetes, Diabetes, Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia, Pancreatic Hormones, Amylin

    Diabetes, Diabetes, Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia, Secretagogues

    Diabetes, Diabetes, Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia, Secretagogues, Sulfonylurea, Insulin

    Diabetes, Diabetes, Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia, Secretagogues, Incretins

    Diabetes, Diabetes, Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia, Overview

    Diabetes, Diabetes, Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia, α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    Diabetes, Diabetes, Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia, Insulin Sensitizers, Thiazolidinediones

    Diabetes, Diabetes, Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia, Insulin Sensitizers

    Diabetes, Diabetes, Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia, Insulin Sensitizers, Metformin 

  • Lesson Diabetes: Type 2 - Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia addresses these key points

  • Insulin and amylin are cosecreted from beta cells of the endocrine pancreas.

    Amylin:

    • Slows the rate of appearance of glucose in the blood following a meal.
    • Acts primarily on the brain and indirectly on the gastrointestinal tract and liver.

    Secretagogues enhance insulin secretion by the pancreas.

    • Synthetic incretins are injected peptides that bind to GLP-1 receptors on pancreatic beta cells.
    • Stimulate insulin and somatostatin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion.

    • DPP-4 inhibitors reduce activity of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, an enzyme in tissues and blood that cleaves and inctivates endogenous incretins, such as GLP-1.
    • They have the same biological activity to increase insulin secretion.
    • Some incretin analogues are resistant to DPP-4 activity.

    Type 2 diabetes is a disease of insulin resistance in liver and peripheral tissues and declining insulin production by beta cells of the pancreas.

    α-glucosidase inhibitors act in the intestines to delay the breakdown and absorption of dietary carbohydrates after a meal.

    • TZDs bind to the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferartor-activated receptor gamma.
    • Bound PPAR gamma activates the transcription of genes involved in energy homeostasis.
    • TZDs promote glucose disposal and utilization in muscle and fat.
    • TZDs reach maximal efficacy after a period of weeks to months because part of their activity involves remodeling of target tissues, especially fat.

    Insulin sensitizers act at the tissues that respond to insulin.

    Metformin improves insulin sensitivity in liver and muscle.

  • Lesson Diabetes: Type 2 - Pharmaceutical Therapies for Managing Hyperglycemia introduces and defines these terms

  • TZDs - Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)