What is Biotechnology?

The Evolution of Biotechnology

What is Biotechnology?

The History of Biotechnology
What is Biotechnology?
A Global Industry
The Evolution o...

What is Biotechnology?

A Global Industry

What is Biotechnology?

The History of Biotechnology

What is Biotechnology?

The Birth of Biotech

What is Biotechnology?

What is Biotechnology?

What is Biotechnology?

Genetic Engineering: The Foundation of Biotech

What is Biotechnology?

A Breakthrough in Treating Diabetes

What is Biotechnology?

Biopharmaceuticals: Therapeutic Areas

What is Biotechnology?

Biopharmaceuticals: Sales

What is Biotechnology?

Biotech's First Success Story

What is Biotechnology?

A Paradigm for Growth Factor Signaling

Biologics: Introduction

Biotechnology

Biologics: Introduction

Economic Impact of Biotechnology in the U.S.

Biopharmaceuticals

Biopharmaceuticals

Antibodies: Biotech's Most Versatile Players

Antibodies: Research and Diagnostic Applications

Drug Discovery

Preclinical Testing

Drug Discovery

Drug Discovery

Drug Discovery

Target Validation

Drug Discovery

Biomarkers

Drug Discovery

Clinical Trials

Drug Discovery

Communication is Key

Drug Discovery

Targeting Strategies

Antibodies: Biotech's Most Versatile Players

Antibodies: Highly Specific Therapeutic Agents
Antibodies: Research and Diagnostic Applications

Antibodies: Biotech's Most Versatile Players

Antibodies: Highly Specific Therapeutic Agents

Drug Discovery

Target vs. Platform-driven Discovery

Drug Discovery

Results of Biological Processes

Drug Discovery

Drug Discovery
Target vs. Platform-driven Discovery
Target Validation
Targeting Strat...

Biopharmaceuticals

Biopharmaceuticals: Specificity of Action

Biopharmaceuticals

Making Biopharmaceuticals Better

Biopharmaceuticals

Patents and Generics

Biopharmaceuticals

Biopharmaceuticals
Patents and Generics
Biopharmaceuticals: Specificity of Action
Mak...

Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Targeting the Immune System

Introduction

Introduction to Biosimilars

Introduction to Diabetes Clinical Trial Design

Conducting and Analyzing Clinical Trials

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Targeting T Cells and Inflammation

Types of Formulations

Types of Formulations

Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

Health Canada

Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

South Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS)

Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

India Ministry of Science and Technology (MST)

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Neutralization of a Circulating Factor

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Chemical Process

Deamidation: Example

The Future

Development of Generics: Overview

Antibodies and the Immune System

Antigen Binding

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

Making Monoclonal Antibodies More Human

Marketplace

Some of the Therapeutic Areas Covered by Biologics

Antibodies and the Immune System

Antibody Structure

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Receptor Binding: Cross-Linking

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Receptor Binding: Blockade/Activation

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal Antibodies in Clinical Use

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Targeting Angiogenesis

Commercial Formulation Development

Patient Comfort

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Antibodies and the Immune System

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Antibodies and the Immune System

Antibody Production by B Cells

Antibodies and the Immune System

Antibody Function in Immune Defense

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal Antibody Production in CHO Cells

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

Systematic Monoclonal Antibody Nomenclature

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

Preclinical Testing of Therapeutic Antibodies

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

Preclinical Safety Testing

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

PK and ADME

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

Clinical Trial Goals

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

Safety of Therapeutic Antibodies

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

Safety Risks of Immune System Targeting

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Targeting Immune Cells

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Targeting T Cell Migration

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Other Diseases

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Emerging Trends: Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs)

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Bispecific Antibodies

Genetic Markers

Genetic Advances and Technologies: Advances Since the Human Genome Project

The Future

Development of Generics: Overview
Future Applications for Biologics

Introduction to Formulation Development for Therapeutic Proteins

What is a Formulation?

Physical Processes

Physical Processes: Introduction

Physical Processes

Physical Processes: Introduction

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Dosage Requirements

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Dosage Form

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Ion-Exchange Chromatography (IEX)

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Capillary Electrophoresis

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal Antibody Production in Hybridomas

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

Making Human Monoclonal Antibodies

Biological Products/Vaccines

Discovery and Development of Biologics

Protein Composition

Biologics: Large Proteins

Protein Structure

Tertiary Structure

Chemical Process

Chemical Stability

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Marketing Considerations

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Regulatory Requirements

Commercial Formulation Development

Acute Stability

Commercial Formulation Development

Stability Requirements

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Spectroscopy: Phosphorescence

The Future

Future Applications for Biologics

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Neutralization of a Circulating Factor
Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity
Antibody-Dependen...

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Cancer

Antibodies and the Immune System

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies
Antibody Structure
Antigen Binding
Antibody Product...

Introduction to Formulation Development for Therapeutic Proteins

Biopharmaceutical Therapeutic Products

Protein Composition

Structurally Important Side Chains

Protein Composition

Amino Acids are Polymerized to Form Protein

Protein Composition

Aliphatic Side Chains

Protein Structure

Secondary Structure

Protein Structure

Chemistry of Proteins

Chemical Process

Methionine Oxidation

Chemical Process

Methionine Oxidation: Consequences

Chemical Process

Glycosylation

Physical Processes

Agitation and Stirring: Formulation Approach

Physical Processes

Elevated Temperature (Thermal Denaturation)

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation: Introduction

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Delivery Device

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Development Timeline

Early Stages for Developing a Formulation

Development Timeline

Commercial Formulation Development

Development Timeline

Commercial Formulation Development

I.V. Bag Studies

How Do Proteins Degrade Physically and Chemically?

Chemical Instability: Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Racemization, Deamidation, Disulfide Exchange, Beta-Eli...

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Vibrational Spectroscopy: Fourier Transform-Raman Vibrational Spectroscopy (FT-Raman)

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Spectroscopy: Fluorescence

Proteins

Types of Cytokines

The Future

Development of Generics

Proteins

Neutralization of a Circulating Factor

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Monoclonal Antibodies

Neutralization of a Circulating Factor

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Marketplace

Multiple Sclerosis

Pharmaceuticals Stem Cell Research

Neural Stem Cells

Systems Biology

Modeling Biological Systems

Biologic Medical Products

Overview: Regulatory Definitions and Mechanism of Action

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Cancer
Targeting Angiogenesis
Targeting the Immune System

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Targeting Immune Cells
Targeting T Cell Migration
Targeting T Cells and Inflammation

Types of Formulations

Liquid: Liquid Formulations

Types of Formulations

Liquid: Stability Issues

Types of Formulations

Lyophilized

Types of Formulations

Conclusion

Protein Composition

Proteins Are Made Up of Amino Acids

Protein Composition

Alcohol-Containing Side Chains

Protein Structure

Electrostatic Fields-pI

Immunogenicity

Immunogenicity: Introduction

Chemical Process

Methionine Oxidation: Formulation Strategies

Chemical Process

Sulfhydryl Oxidation/Reduction

Chemical Process

Glycosylation: Example

Chemical Process

Deamidation

Chemical Process

Cleavage

Chemical Process

Cleavage: Formulation Strategies

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Clinical Indication

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Patient Population

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Route of Delivery

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Container Closure

Early Stages for Developing a Formulation

Pre-formulation Studies

Early Stages for Developing a Formulation

Development Timeline II

Early Stages for Developing a Formulation

IND/Phase 1 Formulation

Commercial Formulation Development

Goals

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Mass Spectrometry

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Light Scattering Techniques

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Spectroscopy: UV-Visible

Introduction

FDA Approval for Biologics

Proteins

Protein Modifications

The Future

Development of Generics

Proteins

Agonist

Marketplace

Anemia

Marketplace

Neutropenia

Marketplace

Asthma

Proteins

Monoclonal Antibodies

Proteins

Types of Cytokines

Proteins

Protein Modifications

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Monoclonal Antibodies

Neutralization of a Circulating Factor

Monoclonal Antibodies

Conjugated Monoclonal Antibodies

Proteins

Antagonist

Proteins

Toxin

Biological Products

Modified Therapeutic Proteins

Biosimilars

Examples of Biosimilars

Regulation of Biosimilars

Hurdles to Approval

Summary: Biologics

Summary: Biologics

The Many Aspects of Formulation Development

Manufacturability

The Many Aspects of Formulation Development

Stability Degradation Pathways

The Many Aspects of Formulation Development

Delivery (Devices)

The Many Aspects of Formulation Development

Marketability

The Many Aspects of Formulation Development

Safety

The Many Aspects of Formulation Development

Successful Formulations

Types of Formulations

Suspensions

Types of Formulations

Sustained Release Technologies - Microspheres

Protein Composition

Aromatic Side Chains

Protein Composition

Charged Side Chains

Protein Composition

Amide Side Chains

Protein Composition

Sulfur-Containing Side Chains

Protein Structure

Quaternary Structure

Protein Structure

Protein-Protein Interactions

Protein Structure

Protein Folding

Protein Structure

Electrostatic Interactions

Immunogenicity

Factors Influencing Immunogenicity: Unfolding

Immunogenicity

Factors Influencing Immunogenicity: Aggregation

Immunogenicity

Factors Influencing Immunogenicity: Causes of Aggregation

Immunogenicity

Factors Influencing Immunogenicity: Reducing Aggregation

Immunogenicity

Factors Influencing Immunogenicity

Chemical Process

Sulfhydryl Oxidation/Reduction: Formulation Stradegies

Chemical Process

Glycosylation: Consequences

Chemical Process

Cleavage: Consequences

Physical Processes

Viscosity: Formulation Approach

Physical Processes

Adsorption to Liquid-Solid Interfaces: Formulation Approach

Physical Processes

Light: Formulation Approach

Early Stages for Developing a Formulation

Molecular Characterization

Early Stages for Developing a Formulation

Manufacturability Assessment (Pre-Formulation)

Early Stages for Developing a Formulation

IND/Phase 1 Formulation: Other Stability Considerations

Commercial Formulation Development

Real-Time Stability (Storage Conditions)

Commercial Formulation Development

Stability in Delivery Device

Commercial Formulation Development

Delivery Volume

How Do Proteins Degrade Physically and Chemically?

Physical Instability: Denaturation, Adsorption, Aggregation, Precipitation

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPL...

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Analytical Ultracentrifugation

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Spectroscopy: Circular Dichroism (CD)

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Vibrational Spectroscopy: Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

X-Ray Crystallography

Marketplace

Reimbursement for Biologics

Marketplace

Getting into the Market: The Approval Process

The Future

Development of Generics

Introduction

FDA Approval for Biologics

Marketplace

Stroke

Marketplace

Diabetes Mellitus

Marketplace

Growth Defects

Marketplace

Hepatitis

Marketplace

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Marketplace

Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Marketplace

Crohn Disease

Marketplace

Breast Cancer

Proteins

The Cytokines

Proteins

Protein Modifications: Pegylation

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Introduction

The Market for Biologics Therapy

Monoclonal Antibodies

Production of Monoclonal Antibodies in Mammalian Cell Lines

Monoclonal Antibodies

Modifying the Monoclonal Antibody

Monoclonal Antibodies

Neutralization of a Circulating Factor

Monoclonal Antibodies

Receptor Blockade/Activation

Monoclonal Antibodies

Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity

Introduction

Define a Biologic (Clarification of Terminology, FDA Changes)

Early Stages for Developing a Formulation

Analytical Method Development

Early Stages for Developing a Formulation

Temperature Requirements

Pharmaceuticals Stem Cell Research

Neural Stem Cell Differentiation

Pharmaceuticals Stem Cell Research

The Adult Brain

Emerging Therapies

NU100

Biological Products

Modified Therapeutic Proteins Improve Function

Regulation of Biosimilars

Manufacturing and Production

Regulation of Biosimilars

Evidence Generation: Comparative Data

Regulation of Biosimilars

Summary: Stepwise Approach to Establish Biosimilarity

Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

Summary of Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

The Many Aspects of Formulation Development

Improved Performance

Protein Structure

Electrostatic Interactions
Electrostatic Fields-pI

Immunogenicity

Factors Influencing Immunogenicity

Immunogenicity

Factors Influencing Immunogenicity: Aggregation

Chemical Process

Sulfhydryl Oxidation/Reduction: Consequences

Physical Processes

Lyophilization: Formulation Approach

Chemical Process

Deamidation: Formulation Strategies

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Resources Needed

Typical Components of a Protein Formulation

Typical Components of a Protein Formulation

How Do Proteins Degrade Physically and Chemically?

Physical Instability: Denaturation, Adsorption, Aggregation, Precipitation
Chemical Instability...

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

Introduction

The Immune System Modulators

Introduction

How Does a Drug Get Approved?

Marketplace

Getting into the Market: The Approval Process

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Introduction

Biologics, the Start

Monoclonal Antibodies

Receptor Cross-Linking

Monoclonal Antibodies

Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Introduction

Define a Biologic (Clarification of Terminology, FDA Changes): Drugs

Biological Products

Manufacturing Process

Biological Products

Biologics in the Marketplace

Biosimilars

Biosimilars in the Marketplace

Biosimilars

Challenges in U.S. Marketplace

Regulation of Biosimilars

Allowable Differences Between the Biosimilar and the Reference Biologic

Regulation of Biosimilars

Evidence Generation: Non-Clinical

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal Antibody Production in Hybridomas
Monoclonal Antibody Production in CHO Cells
M...

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Neutralization of a Circulating Factor
Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity
Antibody-Dependen...

Introduction to Formulation Development for Therapeutic Proteins

Introduction to Formulation Development

Protein Structure

Protein Structure vs. Function: Primary Structure

Physical Processes

Freezing: Magnitude/Formulation Approach

Introduction

FDA Approval for Biologics

Proteins

Manufacturing Biologic Proteins

Introduction

FDA Approval for Biologics

Introduction

Define a Biologic (Clarification of Terminology, FDA Changes)

Monoclonal Antibodies

Production of Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridomas

Monoclonal Antibodies

Modifying the Monoclonal Antibody: Mouse

Monoclonal Antibodies

Antibody Structure and Function

Biosimilars

Benefits, Risks, and Patent Life

Biosimilars

Example of a Biosimilar Not Approved by the EMA

Regulation of Biosimilars

Reference Product

Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

Introduction to Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

European Medicines Agency (EMA) Detailed Requirements

Introduction to Formulation Development for Therapeutic Proteins

What is a Formulation?
Biopharmaceutical Therapeutic Products
Introduction to Formulation ...

Introduction

The Critical Path for Medical Product Development

Proteins

Agonist
Neutralization of a Circulating Factor
Antagonist
Toxin

Monoclonal Antibodies

Naming Monoclonal Antibodies

Biological Products

Biologics and Protein Therapeutics

Biological Products

Biologics Overview

Biosimilars

Biosimilars Overview

Biosimilars

Biosimilar Overview and Definition

Biosimilars

Regulatory Milestones and General Requirements for the Production of Biosimilars

Biosimilars

Biosimilars Under Review

Regulation of Biosimilars

Approval Process and Regulatory Pathways

Regulation of Biosimilars

Quality and Ingredient Requirements

Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

European Medicines Agency (EMA)

Types of Formulations

Types of Formulations
Knowledge Check: Liquid Formulations
Liquid: Liquid Formulations

Physical Processes

Manufacturing Impurities

Regulation of Biosimilars

Substitution and Interchangeability

Regulation of Biosimilars

Manufacturing Requirements

Regulation of Biosimilars

Evidence Generation: Clinical

Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

World Health Organization (WHO)

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation
Knowledge Check: Formulation Studies
K...

Protein Composition

Biologics: Large Proteins
Structurally Important Side Chains
Categorize These Amino Acids

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation

Considerations for Developing a Protein Formulation: Introduction
Delivery Device
Marketin...

Commercial Formulation Development

Development Timeline
Acute Stability
Real-Time Stability (Storage Conditions)
Stabili...

Introduction

FDA Approval for Biologics
How Does a Drug Get Approved?

Biosimilars

Benefits, Risks, Marketing, and Claims

The Many Aspects of Formulation Development

Manufacturability
Knowledge Check: Oral Dosing
Stability Degradation Pathways
Deliver...

Protein Structure

Protein Structure vs. Function: Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure

Immunogenicity

Immunogenicity: Introduction
Factors Influencing Immunogenicity
Factors Influencing Immuno...

Early Stages for Developing a Formulation

Molecular Characterization
Development Timeline
Pre-formulation Studies
Manufacturabi...

Introduction

FDA Approval for Biologics
How Does a Drug Get Approved?

Monoclonal Antibodies

Modifying the Monoclonal Antibody
Neutralization of a Circulating Factor
Receptor Blockade...

Introduction

Protein Structure and Function

Regulation of Biosimilars

Pharmacovigilance and Risk Management

Country-Specific Definitions and Regulatory Guidelines

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Detailed Requirements

Chemical Process

Chemical Stability
Methionine Oxidation
Methionine Oxidation: Consequences
Methionine...

Physical Processes

Manufacturing Impurities
Lyophilization: Formulation Approach
Knowledge Check: Physical Pr...

How Do We Study Protein Structure and Protein Stability?

High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
High Performance Li...

Marketplace

Stroke
Diabetes Mellitus
Growth Defects
Anemia
Neutropenia
Hepatitis
R...

Proteins

Types of Cytokines
Protein Modifications
Manufacturing Biologic Proteins
Agonist

Introduction

Define a Biologic (Clarification of Terminology, FDA Changes)
Protein Structure and Function

Marketplace

Stroke
Diabetes Mellitus
Growth Defects
Anemia
Neutropenia
Hepatitis
R...

Monoclonal Antibodies

Production of Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridomas
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies in Mammal...

Introduction

The Critical Path for Medical Product Development
The Immune System Modulators
Interactive...

Introduction to Monoclonal Antibodies

Four General Classes of mAb Therapies

Introduction to Monoclonal Antibodies

Antibodies as Therapy
Early Antibody Therapy: Polyclonal Antibodies
Hybridoma Technology: ...

Genetic Epidemiology

Genetic Epidemiology

Introduction

Introduction

Genetic Epidemiology

Analytic Study Designs

Genetic Epidemiology

Selected Analytic Study Designs

Genetic Epidemiology

Analyzing Study Data

Genetic Epidemiology

Analyzing Study Data: Confounding

Linkage Analysis

Linkage

Linkage Analysis

Calculating Linkage

Linkage Analysis

Logarithm of the Odds (LOD) Score

Linkage Analysis

Complex Traits

Genetic Markers

Genetic Markers

Genetic Markers

Genetic Markers: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Genetic Markers

Genetic Advances and Technologies: Human Genome Project

Genetic Markers

Genetic Advances and Technologies: Polymerase Chain Reaction and Primer

Genetic Markers

Genetic Advances and Technologies: DNA Sequencing and Dideoxynucleotide

Genetic Markers

Genetic Advances and Technologies: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

Introduction

Introduction

Basics of DNA

The Units of Heredity

Basics of DNA

Structure of DNA

Basics of DNA

Human Genomic Landscape

Basics of DNA

Building Proteins and Universal Genetic Code

Basics of DNA

Non-Coding DNA

Basics of DNA

Functions of Non-Coding DNA

Basics of DNA

Human Chromosomes and Karyotypes

Genetic Variation

Genetic Variation

Genetic Variation

Genetic Mutations

Mendelian Genetics

Mendel's Law of Segregation

Mendelian Genetics

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Mendelian Genetics

Modes of Inheritance and Pedigrees

Mendelian Genetics

Pedigrees

Mendelian Genetics

Sex-Linked (X-Linked) Inheritance

Mendelian Genetics

Mendelian Genetics and History of Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis

Mendelian Genetics

History of Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis

Mendelian Genetics

History of Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis: 1950s to 1970s

Cell Division

Mitosis

Cell Division

Meiosis

Complex Inheritance

Complex Inheritance, Variations on Dominance, Polygenic Traits, Pleiotropy, Penetrance and Expressiv...

Introduction

Introduction

Triplet Repeat Disorders

Triplet Repeat Expansions

Triplet Repeat Disorders

Fragile X Syndrome

Triplet Repeat Disorders

Huntington's Disease

Triplet Repeat Disorders

Huntington's Disease: Huntingtin Gene (HTT)

Genomic Imprinting

Triplet Repeat Expansion

Genomic Imprinting

Genomic Imprinting: Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) and Angelman Syndrome (AS)

Genomic Imprinting

Uniparental Disomy

Mosaicism

Mosaicism

Mosaicism

Somatic Mosaicism

Mosaicism

X-Inactivation, Dosage Compensation, and Alport Syndrome (AS)

Mitochondrial Mutations

Mitochondrial Mutations